In order to correctly accommodate gravity, Einstein formulated general relativity in 1915. The theory is "special" in that it only applies in the special case where the spacetime is "flat", that is, where the curvature of spacetime (a consequence of the energy–momentum tensor and representing gravity) is negligible. The theory became essentially complete in 1907.
Some of the work of Albert Einstein in special relativity is built on the earlier work by Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré. A translation sometimes used is "restricted relativity" "special" really means "special case". Until several years later when Einstein developed general relativity, which introduced a curved spacetime to incorporate gravity, the phrase "special relativity" was not used. Events that occur at the same time for one observer can occur at different times for another. Rather, space and time are interwoven into a single continuum known as "spacetime". Time and space cannot be defined separately from each other (as was previously thought to be the case). Ī defining feature of special relativity is the replacement of the Galilean transformations of Newtonian mechanics with the Lorentz transformations. It also explains how the phenomena of electricity and magnetism are related. Combined with other laws of physics, the two postulates of special relativity predict the equivalence of mass and energy, as expressed in the mass–energy equivalence formula E = m c 2 is the speed of light in a vacuum. Rather than an invariant time interval between two events, there is an invariant spacetime interval. It has, for example, replaced the conventional notion of an absolute universal time with the notion of a time that is dependent on reference frame and spatial position. They include the relativity of simultaneity, length contraction, time dilation, the relativistic velocity addition formula, the relativistic Doppler effect, relativistic mass, a universal speed limit, mass–energy equivalence, the speed of causality and the Thomas precession. Special relativity has a wide range of consequences that have been experimentally verified. Even so, the Newtonian model is still valid as a simple and accurate approximation at low velocities (relative to the speed of light), for example, everyday motions on Earth. Today, special relativity is proven to be the most accurate model of motion at any speed when gravitational and quantum effects are negligible. This led to Einstein's development of special relativity, which corrects mechanics to handle situations involving all motions and especially those at a speed close to that of light (known as relativistic velocities). The incompatibility of Newtonian mechanics with Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism and, experimentally, the Michelson–Morley null result (and subsequent similar experiments) demonstrated that the historically hypothesized luminiferous aether did not exist. Special relativity was originally proposed by Albert Einstein in a paper published on 26 September 1905 titled " On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies". Main article: History of special relativity
5.7 Causality and prohibition of motion faster than light.5.5 Lorentz transformation of velocities.5 Consequences derived from the Lorentz transformation.4.3 Graphical representation of the Lorentz transformation.4.2 Lorentz transformation and its inverse.4.1 Alternative approaches to special relativity.4 Lorentz invariance as the essential core of special relativity.3.4 Relativity without the second postulate.3.3 Lack of an absolute reference frame.3.1 Reference frames and relative motion.2 Traditional "two postulates" approach to special relativity.
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